How can a changed agenda setting and journalism in the daily press promote the development of wisdom?

The daily press has largely been reduced to a mediator of international news, national opinion formation and advertising

Summary

In our society, the most important communicator of facts, opinion, current events, to and between politicians, citizens, companies and other stakeholders is the daily press. This is done either directly through digital and analogue newspapers, or indirectly through their impact on social media, TV, radio and other media. We often perceive the information as truths without reflecting on them, and express ourselves without having our own experiences as a basis for our perceptions. In this way, the daily press has an enormous responsibility, which has profound repercussions on political democracy, agenda setting, level of education, polarization, culture and our national ability to achieve the UN's 17 sustainability goals.

Agenda setting describes how news media have the ability to influence the topics of the topics discussed through how they (1) filter and create reality through their descriptions, (2) how the concentration on a few topics leads to media consumers perceiving these topics as important. Intermediate agenda setting is how the daily press controls the content of other media and vice versa, including how the media works, what the flow of news looks like, and who has the greatest control over ditto. The effects of agenda-setting also result in new layers of agenda-setting where mainly consumers act as filters, so-called gatekeepers. Even though journalists are still the main agenda-setters, it is important to understand the development of the media landscape and changes that, among other things, have contributed to consumers also playing a filtering and thus highly influential role in media-setting. Society has become increasingly digital and the Swede spends on average several hours on media every day. The media has a very big impact on what is discussed in society, what people think and say, what is politically prioritized, how politicians are viewed, and so on. This affects our entire democratic system and societal development. Given the economic development of the daily press, it is natural, but highly unfortunate, that the big media companies do not take their social responsibility, but prioritize profit, circulation, and often engage in conscious opinion formation based on special interests.

The daily press has little chance of fulfilling its social responsibility due to:

digital media development has greatly worsened economic conditions
the news comes from a few Swedish and international news sources due to ownership concentration and economies of scale
concentrated ownership of a few powerful families leads to the risk of special interests
editions and viewership figures are largely maintained by sensational journalism
the deep, broad and labor-intensive journalism needed is weak

If the daily press in Sweden is to be able to take its social responsibility, the following is required:

a business model that allows for deep, broad and labor-intensive journalism
a genuine desire to work without special interests
a genuine desire to prioritize deep and long-term dialogues on system issues
a genuine desire to be an educator and dialogue creator

Press support should only be given to those who produce pure qualitative daily press that takes great social responsibility, and which does not include ads, editorial advertising, sensational journalism, editorial material from other Swedish daily press, or contains opinion formation based on special interests. This means that the daily press needs to start new digital newspapers or change its business model. These digital newspapers should be offered free of charge to the public, thus fully funded by press support, in order to maximize dissemination and public wisdom development. This requires separate limited companies for these initiatives and transparency regarding finances.

The professional rules for journalists working with high-quality journalism should develop new ethical rules that stimulate a more open, trusting, honest, humble, empathetic, reflective, non-polarizing and positive relationship between journalist and interviewed. Sensational journalism should be avoided.

The state shall ensure long-term discussions with media actors and journalists concerning a new media agenda, and ensure financial stimuli for media actors that embark on a new media agenda.

Additional information

Concept

Agenda building: describes the ongoing process in which different groups try to transfer their interests to become the interests of public decision-makers.1
Agenda setting: describes how news media have the ability to influence the topics of the topics discussed through how they (1) filter and create reality through their descriptions, (2) how the concentration on a few topics leads to media consumers perceiving these topics as important.2 Called also the agenda theory, which consists of two parts called the first and second level. The first level is about the media influencing what things we think about and have opinions about. The second level is about how we think about the attributes of these things, also called priming and framing.3
Goodwill: arises on a business acquisition if the purchase price exceeds the acquired company's book capital.4
Intermediate agenda setting: how the daily press controls the content of other media and vice versa, including how the media works, what the flow of news looks like, and who has the greatest control over ditto.5
Journalism: is called the production, collection, selection and processing of content that is characterized by reporting from real events and news.6
Priming: is about the relationship between external stimuli, such as media content, and the assessments people make based on this input.7

Secondary material

Selected sources predominantly consist of books, articles and reports from well-known Swedish institutes, universities and newspapers. NOTE! Paragraphs in the "Background" chapter have in all cases been copied directly from sources without quoting, footnote only. Text has been copied and merged into a relevant whole based on the purpose of this document.

Background

History of the agenda / agenda setting theory

The theory can be traced back to the 1920s when the American journalist Walter Lippmann in the book "Public Opinion" discussed and criticized the power of the mass media over people's thinking, by being the body that provided people with knowledge about things they themselves could not experience directly. 8

During the middle of the last century, the idea developed that the mass media certainly provided large amounts of information, but that it was people's social ties that were decisive for the communication process. Seen in this context, the power of the mass media over human thoughts was considered to be rather limited.9

The agenda-setting theory of the 1970s statistically confirmed (The Charlotte Study, 1972) how the narrative of the mass media affected people's thinking.10 Since then, ever finer measurement tools have been developed that strengthen the connection between media content and opinion in society. Another branch, intermediate agenda setting, looks at how newspapers control the content of other media or vice versa. An important part of intermediate agenda setting is to describe how the media works, what the flow of news looks like, and who has the greatest control.11 12 13 14 15

Since the agenda / agenda-setting theory was first published, more than 400 books, articles and other writings have been produced, making it one of the most researched theories. Therefore, it is with high certainty that it can be established that the basic connection in the theory is correct.16

Research has shown that the media is more powerful in setting its agenda about how the public knows or perceives the description of a topic or attribute, than which event or news is considered important. That is, the second level of agenda theory has a stronger effect than the first.17

The effects of agenda-setting also result in new layers of agenda-setting where mainly consumers act as filters, so-called gatekeepers. Even though journalists are still the main agenda-setters, it is important to understand the development of the media landscape and changes that, among other things, have contributed to consumers also playing a filtering and thus highly influential role in media-setting. 18 19 20 21

Today's media society

Society has become increasingly digital and the Swede spends on average several hours on media every day. The media has a very big impact on what is discussed in society, what people think and say, what is politically prioritized, how politicians are viewed, and so on. This affects our entire democratic system and societal development. Given the economic development of the daily press, it is natural, but highly unfortunate, that the big media companies do not take their social responsibility, but prioritize profit, circulation, and often engage in conscious opinion formation based on special interests.22 23

One of these negative social spirals is about politicians and political decision-making. As media viewership benefits from sensations and polarization, politicians have become a vulnerable target group, often through media drives. The opportunities for defending oneself in the media are low, which results in politicians being less inclined to take risks and dare to be radical. The polarization has also meant that threats against politicians have become commonplace and that careers can end quickly even if the mistakes are small, as the opposing side can activate a number of media tools to achieve their goal. This situation has also resulted in fewer and fewer people wanting to become politicians, which in the long run reduces the competence within the political system. In turn, this increases the citizens' contempt for politicians and the breeding ground for populist political parties, and a degeneration of the debate climate in the Riksdag. In addition, it seems that populism is spreading to other parties, with confidence in the Riksdag falling further.24 25 26 27

The media lack of responsibility has in turn created distrust of itself, especially from the far right which uses the situation to recruit voters. The result is that polarization increases further. The credibility of the media is now questioned daily on social media.28

Dagspressen's largest company

The largest media companies in digital and analogue newspapers in Sweden are: (uncertain list of owners)

The Bonnier family

Dagens Nyheter
Expressen
Kvällposten
GT
Dagens Industri
Mittmedia
HD / Sydsvenskan

Schibstedt

Aftonbladet
Svenska dagbladet
Erik and Asta Sundin Foundation
Norrköpings Tidningar
Östgöta Correspondenten
Norrländska Socialdemokraten
Norrbottens-Kuriren
Uppsala Nya Tidning and 5 more local newspapers

History of the daily press 1995-2016

The author Stefan Melesko, who has a long career in the industry, and who is now an associate professor of Media Economics at Jönköping School of Business, has summarized the industry's current situation in the report "The myth of the newspaper crisis?" (2017). The early and mid-1990s were characterized by a long and deep recession. The newspaper industry tried to meet the crisis with significant cost savings. Dagens Nyheter raised the subscription price in one step by 30 percent in 1991. Circulation decreased by only 3 percent, which meant that subscription revenues suddenly covered 31 percent of the cost base. However, the 31 percent fell to 28 percent in 1995, but it was still a significant level increase. The last years of the 20th century were marked by a certain internationalization of the previously domestic market-oriented newspaper industry. Swedish companies entered other countries, primarily Nordic and Baltic and mainly Norwegian companies showed an interest in the Swedish market. One of the underlying reasons was an intense debate on ownership concentration that took place in both Sweden and Norway. Not least the Bonnier Group, which has always strived not to be accused of having too strong a position of power among media companies, attracted attention. Expanding abroad became a solution to continue to grow without risking political intervention. In addition, confidence in the possibilities of creating synergies was great. Now there was no legislation against ownership concentration in Sweden, but this today somewhat forgotten debate is important for understanding how the big media companies reasoned. The daily press' total advertising revenue decreased every year for the rest of the 2000s. This applies to both metropolitan and rural press. The evening press had a different and better development, but due to its small size could not affect the aggregate figures. Paradoxically, profitability rose despite declining advertising revenues. The reason was reduced costs and changed structures, variables that the industry itself had greater opportunities to influence. This points to an old lesson in the industry: only when the recession occurs is a cost reduction program initiated. Europe experienced several mergers between several regional newspaper companies between 2000-2005. Developments abroad have been characterized by an aggressive loan-financed expansion with a tendency to acquire at high prices, which has thus created large goodwill items, which may need to be subject to write-downs in a stagnant economy. The actions of all these companies were based on the same insight: the daily press as an industry needed to be restructured. Larger players were needed. The search for size and critical mass therefore became dominant. But if several companies are driven by the same ambition and the number of purchase objects is few, it creates a tendency to drive up price levels. Excessive prices lead to large goodwill items and high debt / equity ratios in the balance sheets. This creates problems when the economy declines or other external factors begin to work. The dominant form of ownership for Swedish rural press today is the foundation construction. It creates a long-term perspective in the commitments, while one of the problems with the form of foundation is that the capital injection must be solved by making issues in the underlying owned newspaper company and each issue made to increase the capital base dilutes the ownership of the original founders. In 2005, the largest deal for the Swedish daily press ever was completed with Stampen's purchase of Centertidningar. During the period 2005-2010, many players made acquisitions, created alliances and worked with group structures. This means that the industry changed significantly. Metro's success had left Bonnier with no peace. City was finally started in Stockholm late, but large losses led to the magazine changing both in terms of publication frequency and distribution system. The average loss per year was about 100 million. That "investment" was never recovered. In the same way, Aftonbladet tried with PunktSe to access the local advertisers' investments. It did not go so well either and ended with a total of more than 300 million in losses. The closure and instead the acquisition of 35 percent in Metro Stockholm was the result. The latter item has now been written down to zero in the balance sheet, which is an indication that the free newspapers that are not very local have major problems. The strains on an industry will be extremely great if the effects of extensive structural changes occur at the same time as the economic curve dives. This happened during the period 2008-2010. The Internet grew into the largest medium at the same time as the consequences of the global financial crisis and recession became very large for the "traditional media". During 2010-2016, the newspaper crisis will become a fact. During the period, the discussion about local news journalism became intense. From now on, there was no more free reading. Revenues from the reader market were also needed on new platforms. Declining profitability could to some extent be maintained by cost reductions and price increases. Of course, the savings also affected the staffing of the newsrooms. This in turn has led to two things. Secondly, that the local surveillance has been reduced and, above all, the local presence has decreased. The large groups used opportunities to squeeze out their central material for a variety of newspapers. This appears to be quite paradoxical given the local strategy described above. Gota acquired Skåne Media from Sydsvenskan / Bonnier in 2011. It can be seen as a clear signal from Bonnier regarding the ambitions to leave the daily press publication outside the big cities. At the same time, Sydsvenskan's - one of these metropolitan newspapers - profitability was extremely weak. To solve Sydsvenskan's problems, Bonnier decided in 2014 to acquire Helsingborgs Dagblad (HD) from the Sommelius and Ander families and thereby create a larger base for its newspaper publishing in Skåne. Most people have heard of the crisis in the newspaper group Stampen. The willingness to acquire during the previous period led to significant financial problems for the Göteborgskoncernen. Buying at too high prices and also borrowing in principle the entire purchase price made things even worse. This meant that they were forced to sell many acquired companies, always at lower prices than they bought for, which led to an acute liquidity crisis. During the same period, we saw for the first time an international paper magazine switching to digital publishing only, namely the British "The Independent". Another British example is "The Guardian". Since digitalisation began, they have worked with the attitude that digital traffic should provide sufficient advertising revenue so that no prices need to be charged by readers. The thesis has so far not come true. A new form of advertising has been called both "native advertising" and "content marketing", which means that advertising forms are used through editorial or journalistic techniques. It is therefore essential that this content is clearly marked as advertising. The opportunity to use this technology has been facilitated by the fact that many qualified journalists have lost their traditional jobs and this activity gives them an opportunity to continue working. The proportion of young people who read the morning paper has fallen dramatically during the period and is now about a quarter. Access to the morning paper is even lower at the age of 25-34, partly because the younger ones live more at home and often have access. If you try to make an average assessment, the reduction in recent years has been about 4 percent per year. At the same time, revenues from the reader market have not decreased as much as price increases have been at least at that level. More detailed studies of reading patterns also show that the local material is prioritized by the readers, which indicates areas where the readers may be willing to pay for their reading also in the future. As previously mentioned, advertising sales play an extremely large role in newspaper revenues. Conclusions regarding the advertising revenue for the daily press give that the original slightly clueless idea that free reading on the websites would provide such a large readership (number of clicks) that the digital advertising revenue would not only compensate for declining editions but also compensate for the reduction in print advertising never came true. Opinion formation, analysis and in-depth study, public education and scrutiny of those in power are all examples of activities that are generally very resource-intensive, and which suffer from weak profitability.29

The American media researcher Robert Picard writes in his report "Journalism, value creation and the future of news organizations" (2006) that the most important task for news media in the future is to create economic values that readers appreciate and are willing to pay for. He assumes that the financial framework for future media companies will be more limited, in particular due to the reduced advertising revenues. He further argues that one must probably reduce the scope of the content in order not to produce more than the willingness to pay allows.30

Press and media support

The goal of the support for the media is to safeguard the diversity in the media market in order to contribute to a comprehensive news dissemination and opinion formation throughout the country. The Media Support Board is an independent decision-making body that distributes state support to the media. There are four forms of support, two of which are aimed at the daily press (operating support and distribution support).

Media support. In 2019, a new form of support was introduced that targets a wider circle of media, with the aim of strengthening democracy by promoting the public's access to independent news coverage throughout the country through a diversity of general news media with high quality editorial content. Support can be provided for local journalism or for innovation and development.31

The operating support is the largest part of the press support and is given to newspapers that meet the requirements set out in the Press Support Ordinance. It shall be a general news paper or publication of a daily press character with regular news coverage or general political opinion formation. The operating support may only cover a certain proportion of the newspaper's costs and may only be used for costs that are linked to the daily newspaper for which the support was granted.

The purpose of the distribution support is to promote collaboration between newspapers and to stimulate the widest possible distribution of newspapers. The support is paid per distributed copy with a decreasing scale for newspapers with large editions.

Support for local journalism may be provided to the general news media for initiatives concerning journalistic coverage of areas with a weak presence. The question of whether an area has weak journalistic coverage is assessed on the basis of the extent to which the area is covered by general news media and on the basis of the area's geographical and population conditions.

Innovation and development support may be provided to general news media for initiatives or feasibility studies relating to the development of editorial content in digital channels, innovations, and development with regard to digital publishing and dissemination of the content of the general news media or development of digital business models.32

The report that the Swedish Press, Radio and Television Authority makes annually in 2018 included 74 newspaper companies or groupings of companies that together were responsible for the publication of around 160 daily newspapers. According to the annual reports, the daily newspaper companies' total operating income in 2017 amounted to SEK 15,431 million. At the same time, state operating aid rose from SEK 453 million to SEK 465 million.33 34

Changed agenda setting and journalism

The daily press' opportunities to fulfill its social responsibility

Since the daily press (digital and analogue), according to solid research on agenda setting, has a crucial role in what is discussed in society and how societal issues are perceived among citizens, the daily press thus has a central role in both short-term and long-term development of Swedish society. These include political democracy, the level of education, polarization tendencies, culture and societal priorities.

Given the data presented in Chapter Background, it is clear that the daily press has little chance of fulfilling its social responsibility. The reasons are as follows:

digital media development has greatly worsened economic conditions
the news comes from a few Swedish and international news sources due to ownership concentration and economies of scale
concentrated ownership of a few powerful families leads to the risk of special interests
editions and viewership figures are largely maintained by sensational journalism
the deep, broad and labor-intensive journalism needed is weak

The daily press has largely been reduced to a mediator of international news, Swedish opinion formation and advertising. Time for own qualitative journalism and source review has greatly decreased and the risk that the daily press is characterized by special interests is not insignificant. This development has been a natural consequence of the digital development and changed ownership structures, but is nonetheless serious. Not least because Sweden will undergo the biggest change ever in the coming decades due to the fourth industrial revolution and the UN's 17 sustainability goals. There is a lack of public education and deeper debates at all levels. Unfortunately, there are no signs that the daily press would have changed conditions that would mean opportunities to fulfill their social responsibility.

How will the daily press be able to take its social responsibility in the future?

If the daily press in Sweden is to be able to take its social responsibility, the following is required:

a business model that allows for deep, broad and labor-intensive journalism
a genuine desire to work without special interests
a genuine desire to prioritize deep and long-term dialogues on system issues
a genuine desire to be an educator and dialogue creator

Ownership is not an overriding issue per se, even if a very concentrated ownership involves risks. However, this means that these few owner families must take on a considerably much greater social responsibility than now. It has long been said that the most important role of the media is to review and control the decisions of those in power and those in power. According to the author, this assignment is far too narrow in view of the daily press' extensive impact on society as a whole.

Suggestions on what can be done?

Dialogue with the owners of the daily press

An increased insight into the daily press' total impact on society is necessary to understand that the current situation is unsustainable from a societal perspective. Through an in-depth dialogue with the current owner, it may be possible to partially achieve the desired result.

Press support

The purpose of the press support is to safeguard the diversity of the media market in order to contribute to a comprehensive news dissemination and opinion formation throughout the country. A logical consequence of this goal and the current situation in Sweden, should be that press support is only given to those who produce pure qualitative daily press that takes great social responsibility, and which does not include ads, editorial advertising, sensational journalism, editorial material from other Swedish daily press, or contains opinion formation based on special interests. This may mean that the daily press needs to start new digital newspapers or change its business model. As the daily press is one of the most important tools for public education, it should be investigated whether the press support needs to be greatly increased. Through the above proposals, it is reasonable to assume that some new high-quality digital dailies will be started, which will provide citizens with a variety of articles and perspectives that focus on the important issues of the future. This editorial material should be designed in such a way that ordinary people can find it interesting and worth reading. These digital newspapers should be offered free of charge to the public, thus fully funded by press support, in order to maximize dissemination and public education. This requires separate limited companies for these initiatives and transparency regarding finances.

Journalism

The professional rules for journalists working with high-quality journalism, as above, should follow these closely, but also develop new ethical rules that invite a more open, trusting, honest, humble, empathetic, reflective, non-polarizing and positive relationship between journalist and interviewed. Sensational journalism should be avoided.35

Journalism that problematizes the fourth industrial revolution, system solutions, technologies and existing sustainability work is needed to deepen the debate in Sweden. It is important that journalism not only sticks to details, but has a balance between detail and system issues. The intention is that this daily press will become a leading inspiration and dialogue creator for a creative, radical and wise national transition to a sustainable and flourishing social system, which can serve as a model for other countries.

Appendix: The daily press in Sweden

https://www.kantarsifo.se/rapporter-undersokningar/audit-rapporter

The daily press in Sweden 2018

Aktuellt i Politiken

Alingsås Tidning / Elfsborgs Läns Tidning

Arbetarbladet

Arbetaren

Arboga Tidning

Arvika News

Barometern med Oskarshamns-Tidningen

Blekinge Läns Tidning / Sölvesborgs-Tidningen / Karlshamns Allehanda

Blekinge Posten

Bohusläningen

Borås Tidning

Bärgslagsbladet and Arboga Tidning

Dagen

Dagens ETC

Dala Democrats

Dalabygden

Dalarnas Tidningar

Dalslänningen

Enköpings-Posten

Eskilstuna-Kuriren with Strengnäs Tidning

Fagersta-Posten

Falköpings Tidning

Feministiskt Perspektiv

Filipstads Tidning - Värmlandsberg

Flamman

Folkbladet Norrköping

Folkbladet, Västerbotten

Fria Tidningen

Fryksdalsbygden

Gefle Dagblad

Gotlands Allehanda

Gotlands Tidningar

Gränslöst

Gästriklands Tidning

Göteborgs-Posten

Hallands Nyheter

Hallandsposten

Haparandabladet / Haparannanlehti

Hemmets Vän

Hjo Tidning

Hudiksvalls Tidning

Internationalen

Jämtlands Tidning

Jönköpings-Posten

Kalmar Läns Tidning with Nybro Tidning

Karlskoga Tidning and Karlskoga-Kuriren

Karlstads-Tidningen

Katrineholms-Kuriren

Kristianstadsbladet

Kungsbacka Posten

Kungälvs-Posten

Liberacion

Ljusdals-Posten

Ljusnan

The local newspaper in Sorsele - Storuman - Vilhelmina - Dorotea - Åsele - Lycksele

The local newspaper Stenungsund

Lysekilsposten

Läns-Posten

Länstidningen Värmlandsbygden

Länstidningen Östergötland

Länstidningen Östersund

Länstidningen, Södertälje

Mariefreds Tidning with Måsen Nykvarn and Måsen Strängnäs

Mariestads-Tidningen

Marxist-Leninist-Proletarian

Miljömagasinet Alternativet

Motala & Vadstena Tidning

Mölndals-Posten

NordSverige

Norra Halland

Northern Skåne

Norran

Norrbottens-Kuriren

Norrköpings Tidningar

Norrländska Socialdemokraten

Norrtelje Tidning

NU Det liberala Nyhetsmagasinet

Nya Kristinehamns-Posten

Nya Lidköpings-Tidningen

Nya Tiden

Nya Wermlands-Tidningen

Nyhetsmagasinet ETC

Nyhetsmagasinet Inblick

Nynäshamns Posten

Offensiv

Piteå-Tidningen

Provinstidningen Dalsland

Ruotsin Suomalainen

Sala Allehanda Östra Länstidningen

Skaraborgs Allehanda SLA

Skaraborgs Läns Tidning Skara Tidning

Skaraborgsbygden

SKÄRGÅRDEN från Grisslehamn till Landsort

Skånska Dagbladet

Smålands-Tidningen, Smålands Dagblad, Vetlanda-Posten and Tranås Tidning

Smålands-Tidningen

Smålands Dagblad

Vetlanda-Posten

Tranås Tidning

Smålandsposten

Småland

Smålänningen - Of which digital edition

Strömstads Tidning / N. Bohuslän

Sundsvalls Tidning

Suomen Uutisviikko

Svenska Dagbladet

Svenska Dagbladet Junior

Sydöstran Sydöstra Sveriges Dagblad

Syre

Säffle-Tidningen Västra Värmland

The transmitter

Söderhamns-Kuriren

Södermanlands Nyheter

Sörmlandsbygden

Tempus

Tidningen Härjedalen

Tidningen Västsverige

Tidningen Ångermanland

Tranås-Posten

Trelleborgs Allehanda

TTELA Trollhättans Tidning, Elfsborgs Läns Allehanda

Ulricehamns Tidning

Upplands Nyheter

Upsala Nya Tidning

Vimmerby Tidning / Linköpings Tidning / Kinda-Posten

VLT

Världen idag

Värmlands Folkblad

Värnamo News

Västerbotten's Mellanbygd

Västerbottens-Kuriren

Västerbottens-Kuriren + Folkbladet, Västerbotten

Västerbotten

Västerviks-Tidningen

Västgöta-Bladet

Västmanlands Nyheter

Växjöbladet / Kronobergaren

Ystads Allehanda

Ölandsbladet

Örnsköldsviks Allehanda

Östersunds-Posten

Östgöta Correspondenten

Östra Småland / Nyheterna

Footnotes

1 https://jesperstromback.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/denmedialiserade.pdf

2 https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agendas%C3%A4ttande_journalistik

3 https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=1758294&fileOId=1758297

4 https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodwill

5 https://www.miun.se/siteassets/forskning/center-och-institut/demicom/demicomrapporter/201417_demicomrapport_metoder-och-mojligheter_201404291.pdf

6 https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalistik

7 Ibid.

8 Walter Lippman (1922) Public Opinion https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/6456/pg6456-images.html

9 Shearon A. Lowery and Melvin L. DeFleu (1995) Milestones in Mass Communication Research, Pearson

10 Kent Asp (1986) dissertation "Mighty Mass Media" https://www.jmg.gu.se/publicerat/maktiga-massmedier/

11 https://www.miun.se/siteassets/forskning/center-och-institut/demicom/demicomrapporter/201417_demicomrapport_metoder-och-mojligheter_201404291.pdf

12 Shehata, A. (2015). Journalism agendas and designs. In Karlsson, M. &

Strömbäck, J. (Ed.) (2015). Handbook of journalism research. Lund: Studentlitteratur.

13 Coleman, R., McCombs, M., Shaw, D., & Weaver, D. (2009). Agenda Setting. In WahlJorgensen, K. & Hanitzsch, T. (Ed.) (2009). The handbook of journalism studies. New

York: Routledge.

14 Dillman Carpentier, F. (2013). Agenda Setting and Priming Effects Based on Information Presentation: Revisiting Accessibility as a Mechanism Explaining Agenda

Setting and Priming. Mass Communication and Society

15 https://jmg.gu.se/digitalAssets/1709/1709117_nr-78-hela-rapporten.pdf

16 https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agendas%C3%A4ttande_journalistik

17 Guo, L., Vu, H. T., & McCombs, M. (2012). An Expaned Perspective on AgendaSetting Effects. Exploring the third level of agenda setting. Communication Magazine

18 Singer, J. B. (2014). User-generated visibility: Secondary gatekeeping in a shared media space. New Media & Society

19 https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:898295/FULLTEXT01.pdf

20 https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:113867/FULLTEXT01.pdf

21 https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=8964537&fileOId=8967039

22 Jesper Strömbäck (2000) Power and means, Lund: Student literature

23 Lars Nord (1997) The game about public opinion Lund: Student literature

24 Maria Elliot (1997) Confidence in the media University of Gothenburg

25 Lars Nord (1997) The game about public opinion Lund: Student literature

26 Anthony Giddens (1998), Sociologi Lund: Studentlitteratur

27 Erik Amnå, ed., (1999) Political medialization Stockholm: Facts Info Direct

28 https://mediestudier.se/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Misstron_mot_medier.pdf

29 https://timbro.se/allmant/myten-om-tidningskrisen/

30 Ibid.

31 https://www.mprt.se/mer-om-media/mer-om-presstod/

32 https://www.mprt.se/mer-om-media/mer-om-presstod/

33 https://www.mprt.se/Documents/Publikationer/Medieutveckling/Medieekonomi/Medieekonomi%202018.pdf?epslanguage=sv

34 https://www.medievarlden.se/2019/02/hela-listan-de-delar-pa-500-miljoner-i-presstod/

35 https://www.sjf.se/yrkesfragor/yrkesetik/spelregler-press-radio-och-tv/yrkesregler